4/3/2024 0 Comments Pipeline crossing airbridge![]() they have a central reservation or boundary to separate cars moving in the opposite direction These roads may have one, two, or more lanes.ĭual Carriageways: Dual carriageways or divided highways are roads that have carriageways in place for cars moving in opposite directions, i.e. Single Carriage Way: A single carriageway or undivided highway is a road with no reservation or boundary to separate cars moving in opposite traffic. This article’s focus is not on the types of roads however, some classifications are briefly discussed because they are a key input to pipeline road crossing design.įoot Paths: these are predominantly pathways used by villagers, connecting small settlements or residential areas. There are various types of roads the classification of roads may vary from one country to another. This article will focus on two of the major obstacles: roads and railroads.Ī typical pipeline spanning 100km may encounter over twenty roads however, the number of railway lines encountered may be predominantly smaller than the roads depending on the pipeline location and the routing. Any of the above features are categorised as obstacles that must be critically considered in the pipeline’s design. However, the acquired ROW may intersect and cross various features and third party facilities, including rivers, railway lines, roads, third party pipelines, electric cables, and drainages. Pipelines are installed on acquired Right of Way (ROW). In many cases, pipelines travel a hundred to over a thousand kilometres from their start point to their endpoint. Pipelines are the most economical and efficient means of transporting hydrocarbon fluids (liquid and gasses). Some of the techniques for crossing roads and railroads will be described in this article.įigure 1: Pipeline Construction 2 Introduction Therefore, it is crucial to implement a crossing methodology that will have minimum impact on traffic, minimal cost, etc. The principles described in this article are as per API 1102, and writers experienced acquired in executing road and railway crossings.ĭuring construction, the pipeline may cross railroads and roads. The pipelines described in this article are steel pipelines conveying liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons. ![]() This article covers pipeline crossing analysis for roads and railways. Various techniques have been developed for these analyses, including those proposed by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the American Petroleum Institute (API). It is, therefore, imperative to design the pipeline against the effects of these external loads. If the stresses exceed certain limits, the pipeline may fail at this location. These external loads subject the installed pipeline at the crossing location to higher stresses. Pipeline crossing roads or railway lines are subjected to more external loads compared to those buried underground. However, more emphasis will be laid on road crossings. This article will focus on pipeline crossings (roads and railroads). Pipelines design and construction entails series of technical activities that must be adequately planned, including executing pipeline road and railroad crossings. 5.2.3.3.2 Longitudinal Weld –Cyclic Circumferential Stress Check.5.2.3.3.1 Girth Weld –Cyclic Longitudinal Stress Check.5.2.3.1 Allowable Circumferential Stress.5.2.2.3.2 Cyclic Longitudinal Stresses Due to Highway Vehicular Load.5.2.2.3.1 Cyclic Circumferential Stresses Due to Highway Vehicular Load (Psi or KPa).5.1.1 Circumferential Stress Due to Internal Pressure.4.2.8 Cased Pipeline Cover requirement – Railroad Crossing.4.2.7 Cased Pipeline Cover requirement – Road Crossing.4.2.6 Recommended Casing Pipe Thickness.4.1.2.3 Burial Depth (Cover Requirement).4.1.1.3 Burial Depth (Cover Requirement).3.2 Trenchless or Closed Crossing Methodology.3 Roads and Railroads crossing techniques.2.4 Permitting from Appropriate Authority.2.3 Documentation of the Crossing Obstacles.
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